Monetary policy

For many investors, short-term interest rates are often treated as something the market “discovers.” In reality, the Federal Reserve has enormous control over how the front end of the yield curve evolves. While textbooks often portray the Fed’s policy rate as a flexible tool that reacts quickly to economic data, the actual behavior of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) looks very different. In practice, monetary policy tends to move in long, persistent cycles. The Fed spends years hiking rates, or years cutting them, and only rarely reverses direction quickly. For anyone trading rates, bonds, or rate-sensitive assets, this persistence matters. It means that the path of short-term interest rates over the next one to two years is often largely shaped by the Fed’s policy trajectory rather than by constantly shifting market expectations.

This observation has an important implication: the short end of the Treasury curve often behaves less like a forecasting market and more like a gradual reflection of the Fed’s policy cycle. When the Fed enters a tightening or easing phase, that trend tends to propagate through Treasury yields from one month out to roughly two years. In this article, we show that these policy-driven trends can be measured and used. By identifying whether the Fed is in a tightening, easing, or neutral phase, investors can improve their expectations about the near-term evolution of the yield curve. For fixed-income portfolio managers and macro traders, recognizing these policy regimes can help sharpen rate forecasts, improve duration positioning, and better manage risks tied to interest-rate movements.