Futures

Commodity markets are back in investors’ focus. After years in which equities and growth assets dominated portfolios, the recent rise in geopolitical tensions, inflation uncertainty, supply-chain fragmentation, and renewed resource nationalism has reminded allocators that commodities remain a critical macro asset class. That is why a newly released research paper, An Index of Commodity Futures Returns Since 1871, is particularly timely. Using a hand-collected database covering more than 150 years of U.S. commodity futures history, the authors provide one of the most comprehensive long-term perspectives yet on commodity investing — showing not only that diversified commodity futures historically delivered equity-like risk premia, but also that their return drivers were meaningfully different from stocks, offering valuable diversification across economic regimes.

No doubt, the financialization in commodities was a significant breakpoint in markets and research as well. Many commodity strategies in Quantpedia’s screener are linked to financialization. It would be naive to think that the speculation in the commodity futures which has emerged did not influence the dynamics of the market. With the increased speculative trading, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission started collecting the net positions, but this dataset did not include all the data and often was connected with misreporting (and is not published anymore). The novel research paper of Adams, Collot and Rossi (2021) offers a different insight on this topic. It shows how to measure the influence using the term structure of commodity prices, focusing on crude oil. The authors suggest that during normal times, the term structure of crude oil futures should be smooth. They consider the term structure that starts with spot price and includes futures with one to twelve-month maturities, but they omit the one and two-month futures (since those are mostly used for speculation). The key finding is that when they estimate the missing futures based on the other prices using the smooth spline interpolation, this estimated term structure curve can be compared to the realized one. The deviation from the predicted (estimated) curve can be interpreted as the degree of speculation in commodity futures markets. As a result, with the mathematical modelling, the authors offer an interesting insight into speculation without any external datasets.