Asset pricing

The crypto-enthusiast’s mantra—“just add Bitcoin and watch the efficient frontier fly”—runs into a hard empirical wall when you extend the sample, tighten the econometrics, and force the asset to compete on identical risk-adjusted footing with equities. Alistair Milne’s new SSRN paper applies a textbook Markowitz mean–variance framework to a two-asset universe (S&P 500 vs. Bitcoin) and finds that the ex-ante optimal long-term weight on BTC is not merely small; it is outright negative. In other words, a rational, variance-averse allocator who believes expected returns equal historical equity premia plus a fair compensation for BTC’s non-diversifiable volatility should be short, not long, the flagship digital token.

Gold has been in the headlines lately as it climbs to new highs, prompting many investors to look for ways to benefit from the rally. However, many institutional investors – such as mutual funds and pension funds – face restrictions on buying physical gold or gold-backed ETFs. Instead, they often turn to gold mining stocks to gain indirect exposure to gold’s price. That approach seems logical on the surface: mining stocks typically offer leveraged exposure to gold’s movements. But as highlighted by Dirk G. Baur, Allan Trench, and Lichoo Tay in their recent study “Gold Shares Underperform Gold Bullion”, this strategy can be misleading. The authors demonstrate that, over the long run, gold mining shares structurally underperform physical gold itself.

The rise of passive investing has been one of the most profound trends in the asset management industry in the past two decades. However, how does the popularity of passive funds impact market risk? We can rely on the data, and a recent research paper shows that the impact is significant, mainly through a substantial increase in stock correlations. As more investors flock to passive funds, which track indices, the prices of stocks within those indices tend to move more in tandem, increasing market-wide risk.

Choosing the right investment strategy plays a crucial in portfolio allocation decisions, particularly when considering both private and public asset classes. While the reported performance of public assets typically matches their real-world performance, the same cannot be said for private assets due to the complexities of fund selection, commitment pacing, and return on uncalled and uncommitted capital. Fortunately, there are ways to incorporate public and private asset classes into one portfolio optimally. One example is the recent paper written by Xiang Xu, which introduces the Fair Comparison (FC) framework, which provides a methodology to measure the real-world performance of private investment strategies.

The topic of quantum computing has been gaining popularity recently, and both the scientific community and investors seem to have high hopes for its future. It seems that this brand-new technology could revolutionize various aspects of computing as we currently know them. Great contributions could be made in the fields of medicine and healthcare, security, and computability [1], as well as in the field of finances, which interests us here at Quantpedia the most. Quantum computers are especially great in optimization tasks, so optimizing a portfolio could be one of the key contributions in our interest. [2] In this article, we would like to introduce the concept of quantum computers, their current state, their potential use in finance, and more.

Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (SPACs) raise capital through IPO under special conditions intending to acquire an existing company (private equity). On the one hand, it looks like an attractive opportunity for investors – SPACs bring a lot of excitement and prospects of large profits since the management can find a valuable opportunity. If no acquisition is made, then investors simply get their money back. For firms that are being acquired, it is a much easier and faster way how to get publicly traded – without investment banks and IPOs. On the other hand, SPACs are very speculative and even frequently overpriced, which attracts many critiques. While SPACs are nothing new, recently they have got quite popular, which raises several questions: are they worth attention or do they bring abnormal profits? A fascinating insight into SPACs provides a novel research paper of Chong et al. (2021). The study explains the fundamental principles of SPACs, but most importantly, it shows us the risks and returns of such investments. Despite the popularity and the seemingly attractive opportunity of SPACs, results show us that the invested capital could be instead used elsewhere. Although the success depends on the sector in which is the SPAC interested or whether the acquisition was successful, overall, it is hard to find abnormal returns in these investments.